Contemporaries regarded bandits as archenemies of the state and a threat to divine order, denying the state monopoly over the possession of arms and sinning against God's eighth commandment. The slighted family causes the death of the original offender. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. These portrayals affected how bandits were perceived and legitimated, even allowing them to legitimate themselves. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In other cases, such as in Corsica, mules' ears were cut off as a ritual death threat. Prior to that, you were just as likely to refer to them as a group, herd, or pack. They exhibited clear partisan rather than class leanings. The collective name for a group of apes is called a shrewdness. As Ren Girard noted in Violence and the Sacred (1988), by killing not the murderer himself but someone close to him, an act of perfect reciprocity is avoided and the necessity for further revenge is bypassed. Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1992. Cowboy's Glossary of Terms - People & The Land Kther, Carsten. "Genuine" banditry always seems to have existed in the past, never in the present. Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). But betrayal to agents of the state was always a grave danger, unless the individual was protected by powerful interests. In postindependence Greece Klephtic heroes figured prominently in nationalist rhetoric. Turpin is another fascinating case of an early modern criminal whom history turned from a ruffian into a glamorous character. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. The term is derived from the Roman-law concept of status rei Romanae, i.e., the public law of th, Bandicoots (Peramelidae and Peroryctidae), https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. On the other hand it suggests that ordinary peasants or pastoralists, the source of national folklore and the social stratum from whom bandits were traditionally recruited, possessed the right ethnic sentiments in rejecting foreign authority, exploitation, and other abuses. [9] Tong concludes that his "rational choice model predicts that there would be more rebellions and banditry where the likelihood of surviving hardship is minimal but the likelihood of surviving as an outlaw is maximal. Privacy Policy. Snowden, Frank M. Violence and Great Estates in the South of Italy: Apulia, 19001922. The absence of what Eric J. Hobsbawm has named "social banditry" in some territories led to the popular idealization of ordinary robbers, interpreting their deeds as a primitive form of social protest. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social Sixty years later Ronald Reagan publicly referred to members of the Sandinista government as "thugs." Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. ." In Ottoman times, the many wars in the Balkans left poverty and anarchy in their wakesuitable conditions for the work of brigands and bandits. Encyclopedia of European Social History. (April 27, 2023). J "Banditry In Sicily and Greece violent entrepreneurs from pastoral backgrounds managed to create new niches for themselves in the nation-state, especially when the new regime attempted to penetrate the countryside. Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution. Even if folk views of heroic bandits do not reflect historical reality, they do reflect much about the yearnings and values of Latin America's rural masses. Hwalbindang meaning "save-the-poor band" There, they find the . One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. "Social banditry" is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. Parish Mass on the Fourth Sunday after Easter. (30th April 2023 There were basic differences between banditry in predominantly agricultural areas and in mountainous pastoral areas. These raids, in turn, endeared them to Spains colonial rivals England and France, which offered various forms of support. Caution must be exercised in reducing discernible sociological facts, such as the observation that a bandit successfully managed to evade capture for a long period, to single empiricist causes, such as powerful protection. Banditry, then, can be an expression of mass discontent, a means of achieving a political agenda, or a yearning for economic betterment. role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. Passive complicity consisted of a series of unconnected individual acceptances of the status quo and served to conceal illegal violent acts. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). Barkey, Karen. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. a group of bandits | English examples in context | Ludwig Economic self-interest also motivated many nineteenth-century bandits, as in Cuba's La Habana Province, where they consciously pursued their own personal gain in an opportunistic fashion. Meet the original thugs. New Haven, Conn., 1985. There is evidence that this popular bandit really practiced some kind of redistribution of wealth. In both cases, there was a political consciousness and agenda at work, a situation not typical of the pre-political social bandit. Blok formulated the "principle" that the more successful a bandit, the greater the protection he enjoyed. Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to Beijing and executed. Many bandit gangs developed and profited from close ties to regional and local power brokers: the Caudillos (political bosses) or coroneis (planter elite). The myth of banditry may well, therefore, have a double function. New York, 1968. As a legal category, banditry is a pernicious form of crime that subverts the state's monopoly of legitimate violence. A central way to express violence and damage one's opponent's interests was through the mutilation of both individuals and animals. As a type of predatory, acquisitive, and violent action by groups of men (sometimes including women), banditry has a long history dating from ancient Greece, Rome, and China. A group of bats can be referred to as a colony, cauldron, camp, or cloud. Thus peasant complicity might be either active or passive but equally significant in both cases. Robber bands, however, as well as vagabonds and gypsies traveling in groups of varying sizes, were both more incalculable and more dangerous. The owner would thus be forced to complete the bitter destruction of his own herd.
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